Evidence Confirms Existence of Naturally-Occurring, Large-Scale Climate Change
A new study reviewing over 240 climate studies shows that the 20th century is neither the warmest century nor the century with the most extreme weather over the last 1000 years as has been argued by some scientists. Michael Mann and his collaborators, for example, have published studies using proxy data to reconstruct past global temperatures suggesting that the Medieval Warm Period never existed and that the Little Ice Age was not a global phenomenon. They also argued that the 20th century was the warmest in the last 1000 years. Their research and the resulting “hockey stick” graph showing significant and anomalous 20th century warming were featured prominently in the IPCCs Third Assessment Report.
The new study, conducted by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Craig and Sherwood Idso with the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, and David Legates with the Center for Climatic Research at the University of Delaware, sets out to answer three questions.
1) “Is there an objectively discernible climatic anomaly occurring during the Little Ice Age, defined as 1300-1900 A.D.?”
2) “Is there an objectively discernible climatic anomaly occurring during the Medieval Warm Period, defined as 800-1300 A.D.?”
3) “Is there an objectively discernible climatic anomaly occurring within the 20th century that may validly be considered the most extreme (i.e., the warmest) period in the record?”
To answer these questions, the researchers reviewed the extensive scientific literature on the available climate proxy data. “Many true research advances in reconstructing ancient climates have occurred over the past two decades,” said Soon, “so we felt it was time to pull together a large sample of recent studies from the last 5-10 years and look for patterns of variability and change.”
The researchers analyzed numerous climate indicators including: borehole data; cultural data; glacier advances or retreats; geomorphology; isotopic analyses from lake sediments or ice cores, tree or peat celluloses (carbohydrates), corals, stalagmite or biological fossils; net ice accumulation rates, including dust or chemical counts; lake fossils and sediments; river sediments; melt layers in ice cores; phenological (recurring natural phenomena in relation to climate) and paleontological fossils; pollen; seafloor sediments; luminescent analysis; tree ring growth, including either ring width or maximum late-wood density; and shifting tree line positions plus tree stumps in lakes, marshes and streams.
What they found from analyzing many more proxy records than did Mann flatly contradicts his conclusions. “Climate proxy research does yield an aggregate and broad perspective on questions regarding the reality of the Little Ice Age, the Medieval Warm Period and the 20th century surface thermometer global warming. The picture emerges from many localities that both the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period are widespread…. [and] are worthy of their respective labels. Furthermore, thermometer warming of the 20th century across the world seems neither unusual nor unprecedented within the more extended view of the last 1000 years. Overall, the 20th century does not contain the warmest or most extreme anomaly of the past millennium in most of the proxy records” (Energy and Environment, March 2003).
Urban Heat in Houston
The urban heat island (UHI) effect is a well known phenomenon that causes an upward bias in the temperature records used to determine whether the earth is warming up. Because concrete, asphalt and steel retain heat better than natural landscapes, cities are warmer than their surrounding areas. As cities grow this temperature bias grows also, making it difficult to determine whether global temperatures are increasing due to greenhouse gases or urbanization. Attempts have been made to account for these biases, but there is simply no way to know whether the methods used are adequate.
New research appearing in the March issue of Remote Sensing of Environment, suggests that the UHI can have a large influence on temperatures. David Streutker with the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Rice University, used satellite remote sensing to determine the effect of urban growth on temperatures in Houston, Texas. Data was collected from two discrete time periods, March 1985 to February 1987 and July 1999 to June 2001. Eighty-two relatively cloud free images were obtained from the first period and 125 were obtained for the second period.
What Streutker found upon analyzing the data is that the temperature from rural areas around Houston experienced no change in temperature. But for the Houston metropolitan area, “Over the course of 12 years, between 1987 and 1999, the mean nighttime surface temperature heat island of Houston increased 0.82 0.10 [degrees C] in magnitude.” This is a rather striking increase, especially when compared to the general belief that global temperatures have only risen about 0.6 degrees C over the last 100 years. Streutker also noted that, “The growth in UHI, both in magnitude and spatial extent, scales roughly with the increase in population, at approximately 30 percent.” World population has increased 280 percent over the last century.
Irrigation Blamed for Warming San Joaquin Valley
A new study funded by the National Science Foundation suggests that the warming experienced in the San Joaquin Valley in California is due to increasing amounts of irrigated land rather than carbon dioxide emissions. One of the researchers, John Christy, director of the Earth System Science Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, said that increases in humidity from irrigation may be the culprit in rising temperatures.
“One of the big issues right now is human-induced climate change from carbon dioxide,” said Christy. “Temperatures in the valley are used to assess climate change, and the typical view has been that if there is warming, it must be due to carbon dioxide, therefore we must reduce the use of fossil fuels. Actually, it appears temperature in the valley could be due to a different human factor, and that is irrigation.”
Night-time temperatures in the valley have risen by about 4 degrees over the past 70 years, according to Christy. The study area contains two million irrigated acres and the resulting increases in humidity may be preventing nighttime air from cooling off. “The evidence shows that if this were a large scale climate change caused by carbon dioxide, it would affect the valley, the foothills and the mountains. But we have not seen these changes in the higher elevations,” said Christy.
Environmentalists questioned the usefulness of the research. Bernadette Del Chiaro, a spokeswoman for Environment California worried that this might derail efforts to suppress energy usage. “There may be multiple factors causing climate change,” said Del Chiaro. “But regardless, there is still the larger problem, which is our dependence on fossil fuels.”